Глобальная функция setInterval()

Baseline Widely available

This feature is well established and works across many devices and browser versions. It’s been available across browsers since July 2015.

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Примечание: Эта возможность доступна в Web Workers.

Метод setInterval() доступен из интерфейсов Window и WorkerGlobalScope. Он циклически вызывает функцию или участок кода с фиксированной паузой между каждым вызовом. Уникальный идентификатор intervalID, возвращаемый методом, позволяет впоследствии удалить запущенный setInterval c помощью clearInterval().

Синтаксис

var intervalID = scope.setInterval(func, delay[, param1, param2, ...]);
var intervalID = scope.setInterval(code, delay);

Параметры

func: function - функция, которая будет вызываться каждые delay миллисекунд. Ожидается, что функция не принимает параметры и ничего не возвращает.
code: Этот необязательный синтаксис позволяет вам включать строку вместо функции, которая компилируется и выполняется каждые delay миллисекунд. Однако такая форма не рекомендуется по тем же причинам, которые делают eval() угрозой безопасности.
delay: Время в миллисекундах (одна тысячная секунды), на которое таймер выполнит задержку между вызовом функции. Если задано значение меньше 10, то будет использовано число 10. На самом деле задержка может быть больше чем указано, дополнительное объяснение приведено здесь: Reasons for delays longer than specified.
param1, ..., paramN Необязательный: Дополнительные параметры, передаваемые в функцию func.

Возвращаемое значение

Возвращаемый intervalID представляет из себя ненулевое числовое значение, которое идентифицирует таймер, созданный вызовом setInterval(); Это значение может быть передано в clearInterval() для отмены таймера.

It may be helpful to be aware that setInterval() and setTimeout() share the same pool of IDs, and that clearInterval() and clearTimeout() can technically be used interchangeably. For clarity, however, you should try to always match them to avoid confusion when maintaining your code.

Примечание: The delay parameter is converted to a signed 32-bit integer. This effectively limits delay to 2147483647 ms, since it's specified as a signed integer in the IDL.

Примеры

Пример 1: Базовый синтаксис

The following example demonstrates setInterval()'s basic syntax.

var intervalID = window.setInterval(myCallback, 500);

function myCallback() {
  // Your code here
}

Пример 2: Чередование двух цветов

В следующем примере вызывается функция flashtext() раз в секунду, до того момента, как будет нажата кнопка Stop.

html

<!doctype html>
<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <title>setInterval/clearInterval example</title>

    <script>
      var nIntervId;

      function changeColor() {
        nIntervId = setInterval(flashText, 1000);
      }

      function flashText() {
        var oElem = document.getElementById("my_box");
        oElem.style.color = oElem.style.color == "red" ? "blue" : "red";
        // oElem.style.color == 'red' ? 'blue' : 'red' это тернарный оператор.
      }

      function stopTextColor() {
        clearInterval(nIntervId);
      }
    </script>
  </head>

  <body onload="changeColor();">
    <div id="my_box">
      <p>Hello World</p>
    </div>

    <button onclick="stopTextColor();">Stop</button>
  </body>
</html>

Пример 3: Симуляция пишущей машинки

The following example simulates typewriter by first clearing and then slowly typing content into the NodeList that matches a specified group of selectors.

html

<!doctype html>
<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <title>JavaScript Typewriter - MDN Example</title>
    <script>
      function Typewriter(sSelector, nRate) {
        function clean() {
          clearInterval(nIntervId);
          bTyping = false;
          bStart = true;
          oCurrent = null;
          aSheets.length = nIdx = 0;
        }

        function scroll(oSheet, nPos, bEraseAndStop) {
          if (!oSheet.hasOwnProperty("parts") || aMap.length < nPos) {
            return true;
          }

          var oRel,
            bExit = false;

          if (aMap.length === nPos) {
            aMap.push(0);
          }

          while (aMap[nPos] < oSheet.parts.length) {
            oRel = oSheet.parts[aMap[nPos]];

            scroll(oRel, nPos + 1, bEraseAndStop)
              ? aMap[nPos]++
              : (bExit = true);

            if (
              bEraseAndStop &&
              ((oRel.ref.nodeType - 1) | 1) === 3 &&
              oRel.ref.nodeValue
            ) {
              bExit = true;
              oCurrent = oRel.ref;
              sPart = oCurrent.nodeValue;
              oCurrent.nodeValue = "";
            }

            oSheet.ref.appendChild(oRel.ref);
            if (bExit) {
              return false;
            }
          }

          aMap.length--;
          return true;
        }

        function typewrite() {
          if (
            sPart.length === 0 &&
            scroll(aSheets[nIdx], 0, true) &&
            nIdx++ === aSheets.length - 1
          ) {
            clean();
            return;
          }

          oCurrent.nodeValue += sPart.charAt(0);
          sPart = sPart.slice(1);
        }

        function Sheet(oNode) {
          this.ref = oNode;
          if (!oNode.hasChildNodes()) {
            return;
          }
          this.parts = Array.prototype.slice.call(oNode.childNodes);

          for (var nChild = 0; nChild < this.parts.length; nChild++) {
            oNode.removeChild(this.parts[nChild]);
            this.parts[nChild] = new Sheet(this.parts[nChild]);
          }
        }

        var nIntervId,
          oCurrent = null,
          bTyping = false,
          bStart = true,
          nIdx = 0,
          sPart = "",
          aSheets = [],
          aMap = [];

        this.rate = nRate || 100;

        this.play = function () {
          if (bTyping) {
            return;
          }
          if (bStart) {
            var aItems = document.querySelectorAll(sSelector);

            if (aItems.length === 0) {
              return;
            }
            for (var nItem = 0; nItem < aItems.length; nItem++) {
              aSheets.push(new Sheet(aItems[nItem]));
              /* Uncomment the following line if you have previously hidden your elements via CSS: */
              // aItems[nItem].style.visibility = "visible";
            }

            bStart = false;
          }

          nIntervId = setInterval(typewrite, this.rate);
          bTyping = true;
        };

        this.pause = function () {
          clearInterval(nIntervId);
          bTyping = false;
        };

        this.terminate = function () {
          oCurrent.nodeValue += sPart;
          sPart = "";
          for (nIdx; nIdx < aSheets.length; scroll(aSheets[nIdx++], 0, false));
          clean();
        };
      }

      /* usage: */
      var oTWExample1 = new Typewriter(
        /* elements: */ "#article, h1, #info, #copyleft",
        /* frame rate (optional): */ 15,
      );

      /* default frame rate is 100: */
      var oTWExample2 = new Typewriter("#controls");

      /* you can also change the frame rate value modifying the "rate" property; for example: */
      // oTWExample2.rate = 150;

      onload = function () {
        oTWExample1.play();
        oTWExample2.play();
      };
    </script>
    <style type="text/css">
      span.intLink,
      a,
      a:visited {
        cursor: pointer;
        color: #000000;
        text-decoration: underline;
      }

      #info {
        width: 180px;
        height: 150px;
        float: right;
        background-color: #eeeeff;
        padding: 4px;
        overflow: auto;
        font-size: 12px;
        margin: 4px;
        border-radius: 5px;
        /* visibility: hidden; */
      }
    </style>
  </head>

  <body>
    <p
      id="copyleft"
      style="font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;">
      CopyLeft 2012 by
      <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/" target="_blank"
        >Mozilla Developer Network</a
      >
    </p>
    <p id="controls" style="text-align: center;">
      [&nbsp;<span class="intLink" onclick="oTWExample1.play();">Play</span> |
      <span class="intLink" onclick="oTWExample1.pause();">Pause</span> |
      <span class="intLink" onclick="oTWExample1.terminate();">Terminate</span
      >&nbsp;]
    </p>
    <div id="info">
      Vivamus blandit massa ut metus mattis in fringilla lectus imperdiet. Proin
      ac ante a felis ornare vehicula. Fusce pellentesque lacus vitae eros
      convallis ut mollis magna pellentesque. Pellentesque placerat enim at
      lacus ultricies vitae facilisis nisi fringilla. In tincidunt tincidunt
      tincidunt.
    </div>
    <h1>JavaScript Typewriter</h1>

    <div id="article">
      <p>
        Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nullam ultrices
        dolor ac dolor imperdiet ullamcorper. Suspendisse quam libero, luctus
        auctor mollis sed, malesuada condimentum magna. Quisque in ante tellus,
        in placerat est. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus
        et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Donec a mi magna, quis mattis
        dolor. Etiam sit amet ligula quis urna auctor imperdiet nec faucibus
        ante. Mauris vel consectetur dolor. Nunc eget elit eget velit pulvinar
        fringilla consectetur aliquam purus. Curabitur convallis, justo posuere
        porta egestas, velit erat ornare tortor, non viverra justo diam eget
        arcu. Phasellus adipiscing fermentum nibh ac commodo. Nam turpis nunc,
        suscipit a hendrerit vitae, volutpat non ipsum.
      </p>
      <form>
        <p>
          Phasellus ac nisl lorem: <input type="text" /><br />
          <textarea style="width: 400px; height: 200px;">
Nullam commodo suscipit lacus non aliquet. Phasellus ac nisl lorem, sed facilisis ligula. Nam cursus lobortis placerat. Sed dui nisi, elementum eu sodales ac, placerat sit amet mauris. Pellentesque dapibus tellus ut ipsum aliquam eu auctor dui vehicula. Quisque ultrices laoreet erat, at ultrices tortor sodales non. Sed venenatis luctus magna, ultricies ultricies nunc fringilla eget. Praesent scelerisque urna vitae nibh tristique varius consequat neque luctus. Integer ornare, erat a porta tempus, velit justo fermentum elit, a fermentum metus nisi eu ipsum. Vivamus eget augue vel dui viverra adipiscing congue ut massa. Praesent vitae eros erat, pulvinar laoreet magna. Maecenas vestibulum mollis nunc in posuere. Pellentesque sit amet metus a turpis lobortis tempor eu vel tortor. Cras sodales eleifend interdum.</textarea
          >
        </p>
        <p><input type="submit" value="Send" /></p>
      </form>
      <p>
        Duis lobortis sapien quis nisl luctus porttitor. In tempor semper
        libero, eu tincidunt dolor eleifend sit amet. Ut nec velit in dolor
        tincidunt rhoncus non non diam. Morbi auctor ornare orci, non euismod
        felis gravida nec. Curabitur elementum nisi a eros rutrum nec blandit
        diam placerat. Aenean tincidunt risus ut nisi consectetur cursus. Ut
        vitae quam elit. Donec dignissim est in quam tempor consequat. Aliquam
        aliquam diam non felis convallis suscipit. Nulla facilisi. Donec lacus
        risus, dignissim et fringilla et, egestas vel eros. Duis malesuada
        accumsan dui, at fringilla mauris bibStartum quis. Cras adipiscing
        ultricies fermentum. Praesent bibStartum condimentum feugiat.
      </p>
      <p>
        Nam faucibus, ligula eu fringilla pulvinar, lectus tellus iaculis nunc,
        vitae scelerisque metus leo non metus. Proin mattis lobortis lobortis.
        Quisque accumsan faucibus erat, vel varius tortor ultricies ac. Lorem
        ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed nec libero nunc.
        Nullam tortor nunc, elementum a consectetur et, ultrices eu orci. Lorem
        ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Pellentesque a nisl
        eu sem vehicula egestas.
      </p>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

View this demo in action. See also: clearInterval().

Аргументы колбэк-функции

As previously discussed, Internet Explorer versions 9 and below do not support the passing of arguments to the callback function in either setTimeout() or setInterval(). The following IE-specific code demonstrates a method for overcoming this limitation. To use, simply add the following code to the top of your script.

/*\
|*|
|*|  IE-specific polyfill that enables the passage of arbitrary arguments to the
|*|  callback functions of javascript timers (HTML5 standard syntax).
|*|
|*|  https://developer.mozilla.org/ru/docs/Web/API/window.setInterval
|*|  https://developer.mozilla.org/User:fusionchess
|*|
|*|  Syntax:
|*|  var timeoutID = window.setTimeout(func, delay[, param1, param2, ...]);
|*|  var timeoutID = window.setTimeout(code, delay);
|*|  var intervalID = window.setInterval(func, delay[, param1, param2, ...]);
|*|  var intervalID = window.setInterval(code, delay);
|*|
\*/

if (document.all && !window.setTimeout.isPolyfill) {
  var __nativeST__ = window.setTimeout;
  window.setTimeout = function (
    vCallback,
    nDelay /*, argumentToPass1, argumentToPass2, etc. */,
  ) {
    var aArgs = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 2);
    return __nativeST__(
      vCallback instanceof Function
        ? function () {
            vCallback.apply(null, aArgs);
          }
        : vCallback,
      nDelay,
    );
  };
  window.setTimeout.isPolyfill = true;
}

if (document.all && !window.setInterval.isPolyfill) {
  var __nativeSI__ = window.setInterval;
  window.setInterval = function (
    vCallback,
    nDelay /*, argumentToPass1, argumentToPass2, etc. */,
  ) {
    var aArgs = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 2);
    return __nativeSI__(
      vCallback instanceof Function
        ? function () {
            vCallback.apply(null, aArgs);
          }
        : vCallback,
      nDelay,
    );
  };
  window.setInterval.isPolyfill = true;
}

Another possibility is to use an anonymous function to call your callback, although this solution is a bit more expensive. Example:

var intervalID = setInterval(function () {
  myFunc("one", "two", "three");
}, 1000);

Another possibility is to use function's bind. Example:

var intervalID = setInterval(function (arg1) {}.bind(undefined, 10), 1000);

Inactive tabs

Starting in Gecko 5.0, intervals are clamped to fire no more often than once per second in inactive tabs.

Проблема с "`this`"

When you pass a method to setInterval() or any other function, it is invoked with the wrong this value. This problem is explained in detail in the JavaScript reference.

Объяснение

Code executed by setInterval() runs in a separate execution context than the function from which it was called. As a consequence, the this keyword for the called function is set to the window (or global) object, it is not the same as the this value for the function that called setTimeout. See the following example (which uses setTimeout() instead of setInterval() – the problem, in fact, is the same for both timers):

myArray = ["zero", "one", "two"];

myArray.myMethod = function (sProperty) {
  alert(arguments.length > 0 ? this[sProperty] : this);
};

myArray.myMethod(); // prints "zero,one,two"
myArray.myMethod(1); // prints "one"
setTimeout(myArray.myMethod, 1000); // prints "[object Window]" after 1 second
setTimeout(myArray.myMethod, 1500, "1"); // prints "undefined" after 1,5 seconds
// passing the 'this' object with .call won't work
// because this will change the value of this inside setTimeout itself
// while we want to change the value of this inside myArray.myMethod
// in fact, it will be an error because setTimeout code expects this to be the window object:
setTimeout.call(myArray, myArray.myMethod, 2000); // error: "NS_ERROR_XPC_BAD_OP_ON_WN_PROTO: Illegal operation on WrappedNative prototype object"
setTimeout.call(myArray, myArray.myMethod, 2500, 2); // same error

As you can see there are no ways to pass the this object to the callback function in the legacy JavaScript.

Возможное решение

A possible way to solve the "this" problem is to replace the two native setTimeout() or setInterval() global functions with two non-native ones that enable their invocation through the Function.prototype.call method. The following example shows a possible replacement:

// Enable the passage of the 'this' object through the JavaScript timers

var __nativeST__ = window.setTimeout,
  __nativeSI__ = window.setInterval;

window.setTimeout = function (
  vCallback,
  nDelay /*, argumentToPass1, argumentToPass2, etc. */,
) {
  var oThis = this,
    aArgs = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 2);
  return __nativeST__(
    vCallback instanceof Function
      ? function () {
          vCallback.apply(oThis, aArgs);
        }
      : vCallback,
    nDelay,
  );
};

window.setInterval = function (
  vCallback,
  nDelay /*, argumentToPass1, argumentToPass2, etc. */,
) {
  var oThis = this,
    aArgs = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 2);
  return __nativeSI__(
    vCallback instanceof Function
      ? function () {
          vCallback.apply(oThis, aArgs);
        }
      : vCallback,
    nDelay,
  );
};

Новое тестируемое свойство:

myArray = ["zero", "one", "two"];

myArray.myMethod = function (sProperty) {
  alert(arguments.length > 0 ? this[sProperty] : this);
};

setTimeout(alert, 1500, "Hello world!"); // the standard use of setTimeout and setInterval is preserved, but...
setTimeout.call(myArray, myArray.myMethod, 2000); // prints "zero,one,two" after 2 seconds
setTimeout.call(myArray, myArray.myMethod, 2500, 2); // prints "two" after 2,5 seconds

Another, more complex, solution for the this problem is the following framework.

MiniDaemon - фреймворк для управления таймерами

In pages requiring many timers, it can often be difficult to keep track of all of the running timer events. One approach to solving this problem is to store information about the state of a timer in an object. Following is a minimal example of such an abstraction. The constructor architecture explicitly avoids the use of closures. It also offers an alternative way to pass the this object to the callback function (see The "this" problem for details). The following code is also available on GitHub.

minidaemon.js

/*\
|*|
|*|  :: MiniDaemon ::
|*|
|*|  Revision #2 - September 26, 2014
|*|
|*|  https://developer.mozilla.org/ru/docs/Web/API/window.setInterval
|*|  https://developer.mozilla.org/User:fusionchess
|*|  https://github.com/madmurphy/minidaemon.js
|*|
|*|  This framework is released under the GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3 or later.
|*|  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html
|*|
\*/

function MiniDaemon(oOwner, fTask, nRate, nLen) {
  if (!(this && this instanceof MiniDaemon)) {
    return;
  }
  if (arguments.length < 2) {
    throw new TypeError("MiniDaemon - not enough arguments");
  }
  if (oOwner) {
    this.owner = oOwner;
  }
  this.task = fTask;
  if (isFinite(nRate) && nRate > 0) {
    this.rate = Math.floor(nRate);
  }
  if (nLen > 0) {
    this.length = Math.floor(nLen);
  }
}

MiniDaemon.prototype.owner = null;
MiniDaemon.prototype.task = null;
MiniDaemon.prototype.rate = 100;
MiniDaemon.prototype.length = Infinity;

/* These properties should be read-only */

MiniDaemon.prototype.SESSION = -1;
MiniDaemon.prototype.INDEX = 0;
MiniDaemon.prototype.PAUSED = true;
MiniDaemon.prototype.BACKW = true;

/* Global methods */

MiniDaemon.forceCall = function (oDmn) {
  oDmn.INDEX += oDmn.BACKW ? -1 : 1;
  if (
    oDmn.task.call(oDmn.owner, oDmn.INDEX, oDmn.length, oDmn.BACKW) === false ||
    oDmn.isAtEnd()
  ) {
    oDmn.pause();
    return false;
  }
  return true;
};

/* Instances methods */

MiniDaemon.prototype.isAtEnd = function () {
  return this.BACKW
    ? isFinite(this.length) && this.INDEX < 1
    : this.INDEX + 1 > this.length;
};

MiniDaemon.prototype.synchronize = function () {
  if (this.PAUSED) {
    return;
  }
  clearInterval(this.SESSION);
  this.SESSION = setInterval(MiniDaemon.forceCall, this.rate, this);
};

MiniDaemon.prototype.pause = function () {
  clearInterval(this.SESSION);
  this.PAUSED = true;
};

MiniDaemon.prototype.start = function (bReverse) {
  var bBackw = Boolean(bReverse);
  if (this.BACKW === bBackw && (this.isAtEnd() || !this.PAUSED)) {
    return;
  }
  this.BACKW = bBackw;
  this.PAUSED = false;
  this.synchronize();
};

Синтаксис

var myDaemon = new MiniDaemon(thisObject, callback[, rate[, length]]);

Описание

Returns a JavaScript Object containing all information needed by an animation (like the this object, the callback function, the length, the frame-rate).

Параметры

thisObject: The this object on which the callback function is called. It can be an object or null.
callback: The function that is repeatedly invoked . It is called with three parameters: index (the iterative index of each invocation), length (the number of total invocations assigned to the daemon - finite or Infinity) and backwards (a boolean expressing whether the index is increasing or decreasing). It is something like callback.call(thisObject, index, length, backwards). If the callback function returns a false value the daemon is paused.
rate (optional): The time lapse (in number of milliseconds) between each invocation. The default value is 100.
length (optional): The total number of invocations. It can be a positive integer or Infinity. The default value is Infinity.

`MiniDaemon` instances properties

myDaemon.owner: The this object on which is executed the daemon (read/write). It can be an object or null.
myDaemon.task: The function that is repeatedly invoked (read/write). It is called with three arguments: index (the iterative index of each invocation), length (the number of total invocations assigned to the daemon - finite or Infinity) and backwards (a boolean expressing whether the index is decreasing or not) – see above. If the myDaemon.task function returns a false value the daemon is paused.
myDaemon.rate: Промежуток времени (в миллисекундах) между каждым вызовом (чтение / запись).
myDaemon.length: Итоговое количество вызовов. Это может быть положительное целое число или бесконечность Infinity (чтение / запись).

`MiniDaemon` instances methods

myDaemon.isAtEnd(): Возвращает логическое значение (true или false), в зависимости от того, находится ли daemon в начальной / конечной позиции или нет.
myDaemon.synchronize(): Synchronize the timer of a started daemon with the time of its invocation.
myDaemon.pause(): Pauses the daemon.
myDaemon.start([reverse]): Starts the daemon forward (index of each invocation increasing) or backwards (index decreasing).

`MiniDaemon` global object methods

MiniDaemon.forceCall(minidaemon): Forces a single callback to the minidaemon.task function regardless of the fact that the end has been reached or not. In any case the internal INDEX property is increased/decreased (depending on the actual direction of the process).

Пример использования

Ваша HTML страница:

html

<!doctype html>
<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <title>MiniDaemin Example - MDN</title>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="minidaemon.js"></script>
    <style type="text/css">
      #sample_div {
        visibility: hidden;
      }
    </style>
  </head>

  <body>
    <p>
      <input
        type="button"
        onclick="fadeInOut.start(false /* optional */);"
        value="fade in" />
      <input type="button" onclick="fadeInOut.start(true);" value="fade out" />
      <input type="button" onclick="fadeInOut.pause();" value="pause" />
    </p>

    <div id="sample_div">Some text here</div>

    <script type="text/javascript">
      function opacity(nIndex, nLength, bBackwards) {
        this.style.opacity = nIndex / nLength;
        if (bBackwards ? nIndex === 0 : nIndex === 1) {
          this.style.visibility = bBackwards ? "hidden" : "visible";
        }
      }

      var fadeInOut = new MiniDaemon(
        document.getElementById("sample_div"),
        opacity,
        300,
        8,
      );
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

View this example in action

Примечания

The setInterval() function is commonly used to set a delay for functions that are executed again and again, such as animations.

You can cancel the interval using clearInterval().

If you wish to have your function called once after the specified delay, use setTimeout().

Ensure that execution duration is shorter than interval frequency

If there is a possibility that your logic could take longer to execute than the interval time, it is recommended that you recursively call a named function using setTimeout. For example, if using setInterval to poll a remote server every 5 seconds, network latency, an unresponsive server, and a host of other issues could prevent the request from completing in its allotted time. As such, you may find yourself with queued up XHR requests that won't necessarily return in order.

In these cases, a recursive setTimeout() pattern is preferred:

(function loop() {
  setTimeout(function () {
    // Your logic here

    loop();
  }, delay);
})();

In the above snippet, a named function loop() is declared and is immediately executed. loop() is recursively called inside setTimeout() after the logic has completed executing. While this pattern does not guarantee execution on a fixed interval, it does guarantee that the previous interval has completed before recursing.

Throttling of intervals

setInterval() is subject to the same throttling restrictions in Firefox as setTimeout(); see Reasons for delays longer than specified.

Спецификации

Specification
HTML Standard # dom-setinterval-dev

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